Migration into Florida
The Second Seminole War was one of the longest and costliest Indian wars in American history. It was a challenge to the concept of removal, a strike against the expansion of the United States into new domains. Under the leadership of Osceola, the Seminole struck fear into the hearts of American settlers and confounded the military leaders dispatched to suppress them. In Washington, President Jackson went through a series of venerable commanders in search of the one man who could bring the mighty Seminole army to heel.
Duncan Clinch was the first to take the field, but his traditional strategy could not counter the coordination behind Osceola’s attacks. Winfield Scott then stepped forward, designing an ingenious three-pronged attack on a single target. Months of planning and millions of dollars went into this assault. It was an absolute failure. Following Scott’s recall, Florida Governor Richard Call boldly assumed command. Despite a familiarity with the terrain and a working knowledge of the tactical situation he was facing, Call was unable to effectively field his army. Thomas Jesup brought a fresh perspective and a new strategy to the war. Dividing his army into separate columns, Jesup organized sorties into Seminole domain. Among his primary targets were communities composed of Seminole that were of African-American descent--Black Seminoles.
While not an integrated society in the modern sense of the word, the Seminole Nation was progressive with respect to runaway slaves and free blacks. This was in part due to the unique conditions existing within Florida during Seminole migration into the region. When the Seminole began to occupy parts of Florida in the early 1700s, they entered a colonial extension of Spain. In 1693, the Spanish government declared a moratorium on the practice of slavery within its colonies. Runaway slaves and free blacks who moved into the region were acknowledged as free persons. They were protected as such by the colonial government so long as they remained in Florida.
Maroon Communities and Gullahs
Communities of runway slaves from Georgia and South Carolina migrated into Florida under the promise of emancipation. Modern historians have divided these communities into two distinct categories--Maroons and Gullahs. Maroon communities consisted of runaway slaves who formed their own villages and practiced a limited agriculture. Gullah communities were organized along similar lines, but developed a culture closer to that of traditional African villages. Both subsisted on rice and corn production. In 1738, the colonial government of Florida sanctioned the establishment of the first free black community in North America--Fort Mose.
The Arrival of the Seminole
At the same time, a group of Creek Indians were granted the right to settle in the region. These Creek had broken off from the larger Creek Nation and migrated from Georgia--they would eventually call themselves the Seminole Nation. Wishing to maintain their foothold in Florida, the colonial government enlisted free blacks, runaway slaves, and Seminole Indians into a regional militia--the purpose of which was to defend the area in and around St. Augustine. Due to their proximity to Seminole villages, Maroon communities soon developed a positive working relationship with their Indian neighbors. Eventually, this social relationship would expand into new frontiers and deepen the bonds of friendship between these two peoples.
Mark M. Boatner III, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1994).
Mark C Carnes, Ed. U.S. History. (New York: MacMillan Library Reference, 1998).
Peter Matthiessen, ed. George Catlin: North American Indians. (New York: Penguin Group, 1989).
Marilyn Miller and Martin Faux, American History Desk Reference. (New York: MacMillan, 1997).
Carl Waldman, Atlas of the North American Indian. (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Carl Waldman, Encyclopedia of Native Tribes. (New York: Checkmark Books, 2006).
Black Seminole, Images - http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://afge
Mark Almond / Birmingham (Ala.) NewsMississippi’s Drew Pomeranz remains unsigned by the Indians with Monday’s deadline approaching. The Indians have signed 20 of their 50 draft picks so far, but none of their first four selections.
